Generic devolopment proces

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas.Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product' view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E.Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues', such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard & Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged & Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the date s fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard & Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged & Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation' rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected' delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice.Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere establ ished. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism's of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products.For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process.The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participa ting parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework.This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to dat e of some of this work will be described in subsequent sectionsPrinciples As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works.As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job'. This has r esulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process' will have to cover the whole ‘life' of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project.It also focuses at the front-end' activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems enco untered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck & Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce.This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate' approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generati on process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go' decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol's phase gates.Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates' allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper's comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly.This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed.In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement & Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production diff iculties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville & Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team's† performance.In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder' view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making.Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom's, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction.This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a centra l repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe's expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation.The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of represe nting this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin's (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project's industrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy.However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference t o the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper's discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate' models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it's inherent reminisces.As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Fu rthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project's partner representatives.Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change' such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction.Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business con siderations of any potential project which aims to address a client's need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client's need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages.However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need'. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in the se early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client's need is developed into an appropriate design solution.Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it's concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze', although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for impro ved communication and co-ordination between the project's participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client's decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry.At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it's associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client's requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins.The ‘hard gate' that div ides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace' approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic.The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project's Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Desi gn and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones' The earlier involvement of the project's participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project's participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division.A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represente d on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck & Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased.The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones'. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, members hip of the ‘zones' is determined by the specific project task and/or process.For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones' are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project.Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer's needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player' in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project's participants and sanction progress or cessation.Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Chan ge Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones.A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management's ‘agent', it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the

Herbal Medicine Essay

Anything that exists on the earth has a need for survival. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), herbal medicines refers to health practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercises, applied singularly or in combination to treat, diagnose and prevent illnesses or to maintain well-being. Different types of herbal medicines are widely applied in Asia, Africa, and Latin America to meet primary health-care needs. Herbal medicines have maintained its popularity in most regions of the developing world. The application is also rapidly spreading in industrialized countries. Worldwide, among all the different traditional medicine systems, Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is currently the most popular, followed by Indian medicine. Herbal medicine refers to using a plant’s seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside of conventional medicine. It is also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine. It is becoming more main stream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions, such as asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, migraine, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancer, among others. Herbal supplements are best taken under the guidance of a trained health care provider. Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 – 700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use. Whenever a culture attempts to assimilate alien ideas, social stresses are bound to occur, especially when such ideas threaten the dominion of major economic and political interests. Mistakes are likely to arise while attempting to implement these ideas. In the case of Chinese herbal knowledge, its use by people unfamiliar with its rules and protocols invariably leads to mishaps; either the herbs or formulas fail to work as expected, or worse, side effects may result whenever herbs are used in contraindicated conditions. In the political and economic realms, government regulators unfamiliar with the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine may impose restrictions upon Chinese herbal practice that inhibit its effective application and suffocate its future development within our culture. The effectiveness of modern herbal practice suggests that we begin our search by understanding the complete meaning of herbalism. Herbs are grown and collected from all over the world. There is nothing magical about an herb; effective medicinal herbs can be found everywhere that plants grow. There is indeed a necessity in making life better by introducing natural herbal dietary supplements in the country. Within the past decade, herbal medicine has gained increasing importance, with both medical and economic implications. In developing countries particularly, as much as 80percent of the indigenous population still depends on traditional systems of medicine and medicinal plants for healthcare. Some common herbs and their uses are discussed below. * Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) has been used in traditional medicine to treat circulatory disorders and enhance memory. Although not all studies agree, ginkgo may be especially effective in treating dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease) and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs). * Kava kava (Piper methysticum) is said to elevate mood, enhance well-being and contentment, and produce a feeling of relaxation. Several studies have found that kava may be useful in the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and related nervous disorders. * Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is used by more than 2 million men in the United States for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. A number of studies suggest that the herb is effective for treating symptoms, including frequent urination, having trouble starting or maintaining urination, and needing to urinate during the night. * Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular alternative to commonly prescribed medications for sleep problems because it is considered to be both safe and gentle. * Echinacea preparations (from Echinacea purpurea and other Echinacea species) may improve the body’s natural immunity. Echinacea is one of the most commonly used herbal products, but studies are mixed as to whether it can help prevent or treat colds. We chose to have a research study on this topic because I think this can be a way of spreading awareness among people that there can be cheaper way of treating from upset stomachs to headaches. They are also considered natural and therefore healthier and gentler than conventional drugs. So, why is there need to spend so much on expensive drugs uselessly when there is a better option.

Internal Control Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internal Control - Case Study Example The $500 check would have had to be mailed to someone other than the cashier. In addition to the cashier being unable to write a check to himself, the checks should have been kept under lock and key. This would require another person to authorize the writing of a check. The ability of the cashier to deposit a check into petty cash would have been avoided by the use of an imprest account. That would have required the petty cash fund to be replenished through a voucher system. The cashier would not have been able to make a deposit without the cooperation of another individual. All petty cash payments and deposits are then accounted for. The situation also could have been avoided by segregating the duties of the payment from the petty cash fund and the deposit into the fund. This again would limit the ability of the cashier to make the fund appear reconciled by the diversion of other funding. In addition, the bank reconciliation should be accomplished by someone other than the person writing the checks. The cashier was able to falsify the reconciliation to cover the movement of the funds. If an independent individual had done the reconciliation, his crime would have been prevented. The cashier should also not have been allowed to alter the invoice that was sent to Customer A that reflected the $500 payment.

Pick an art work that is influenced by chemistry of physics Term Paper

Pick an art work that is influenced by chemistry of physics - Term Paper Example Quantum Man is a sculpture that was produced by Julian Vos-Andreae in 2009. Quantum Man is a piece of sculpture that was influenced by chemistry of physics. Quantum Man is ten and a half feet high in terms of its elevation and is placed at the center of The Bravern shopping are that is located in Bellevue, Washington D.C. It is one among many of the sculptures produced by the Julian Vos-Andreae that quantum themes. The Quantum Man has a front and back view and appears as a huge hunk of metal that was cut to represent the shape of a man walking. However, when the sculpture is looked from the side, it becomes almost invisible. The effect in Quantum Man is derived from the layers of stainless steel, which are more than 100 sheets that are layered from the front towards the back, and separated by metal rods. Quantum Man appears like a diffraction pattern of a wave. When in motion, a viewer can see the sculpture from the front or back. However, it keeps appearing and disappearing as a vie wer moves. Julian Vos-Andreae sculpted the object in a manner that shows its aesthetic value and ability to show stillness. Julian Vos-Andreae said that, â€Å"...the weirdness of quantum physics...see how far I could get in trying to understand it.†1 The sculpture was intended for metaphorical purposes on the way the complex and counter-intuitive quantum physics could be explored. It is symbolic of the dual face of matter. The Quantum Man presented Julian Vos-Andreae with two challenges. First, he makes a standard representation of classical quantum objects that appear to please in terms of its aesthetics. He has achieved this by sculpting an object that appeals to the eyes of the viewer. The second challenge is the background of physics with which he develops Quantum Man. He uses physics to link the classical representations of quantum objects to certain philosophical interpretations about human body2. The Quantum Man shows that Julian Vos-Andreae to develop an artistic cre ation that depicts a man in the sense of both time and space. The parallel sheets of metal that he used are representative of the wave fronts of a man as he moves forward through space and time. He placed each metal sheet with a definite spacing by connecting them with metal rods irregularly put horizontally and vertically to represent integral formulation of quantum mechanical style. This also helps achieve duality in his sculpture in terms of the true nature that exists underneath the sculpture and the reality as seen by a viewer. He shows that the real human body appears as a static figure (stillness) at any moment in time. Through Quantum Man, Julian Vos-Andreae exemplifies that the human body moves in waves. However, the waves are not perceived in most cases3. Therefore, Julian Vos-Andreae through the Quantum Man emphasizes that human body and everything around it is matter. He clearly exemplifies that every part of matter is considered as a well outlined path through space and time. It also brings forth the notion of continuity. This is seen in the Quantum Man in the sense that it seems to appear, disappear and reappear in different anglers. However, it does not disappear and disappear in real sense. The Quantum Man possesses an equivocal identity where its pieces are considered to be touching each other or appear as separate. However, the pieces do not penetrate through each other. The object shows that objects do not have hard edges or well defined boundaries in places where one piece ends and

Human Rights in Turkey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Human Rights in Turkey - Essay Example In 2007, there were about 2830 applications lodged against the Republic of Turkey at the ECHR, and consequently, the court handed down 331 judgments on the merits issued confirming 319 contraventions and 9 non-violations (European Commission 4). Turkey remains under the control of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) as per Article 46 of the ECHR. The international human rights laws represent the body of international laws structured to foster and safeguard human rights at domestic, regional, and international levels. The international human rights law comprises of treaties agreements struck between states fashioned at binding legal effect between parties as per the norms in international law (White 71). The republic of Turkey has entered into diverse human rights commitments, some of which remain well elaborated in the Turkish Constitution. Part Two of the Turkish constitution guarantees â€Å"fundamental rights and freedoms† such as right to property, security of person , and right to life. Turkey has ratified several treaties including International Bill of Human Rights, Regional Conventions, Terrorism and Human Rights, Protocol 5-8 of the ECHR, Protocol 9-12 of the ECHR, Protection from Torture, III-Treatment and Disappearance, and Women’s Human Rights (European Commission) (Straw 104). Current situation and conflict in Turkey with the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) Turkey is home to a considerable Kurdish population comprising of 15% of Turkey’s 73 million people. Close to half of the Kurdish population lives within cities within the western Turkey. The Partiya Karkeren Kurdistan (PKK)/ Kurdish Workers’ Party (established in the late 1970s) has been waging a guerrilla war for Kurdish sovereignty or autonomy within southeastern Turkey since... This essay stresses that Human rights in Turkey are safeguarded by a series of international law treaties that take precedence over domestic legislation as per Article 90 of the constitution. The issue of human rights is of significance for Turkey’s negotiations with the European Union (EU). Acute human rights issues that feature in Turkey’s case entail the status of Kurds within Turkey. The Kurdish-Turkish conflict has yielded to numerous human rights violations over the years. Presently, there is an ongoing debate within Turkey based on guaranteeing fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression, right to life, and protection against torture, as well as freedoms of assembly, religion, and association. Much of the promised constitutional and other legal reforms have not yet taken place. Moreover, thousand of the prosecutions presented under the flawed anti-terrorism have largely failed to pass fair trial standards. This paper makes a conclusion that the violent crackdown by the police to quell the protests through the use of tear gas against peaceful protesters has been accompanied by massive violation of human rights. The use of violence by police on a large scale appears to be fashioned to refuse the right to peaceful protest and encourage others from engaging in peaceful protests. Tear-gassing of the protesters assembled in Taksim Square is unlikely to end the crisis, and if Turkey is to be considered as a rights-respecting country, the police brutality has to end, and the government should engage the protesters.

Is outsourcing work to other countries a good thing or a bad thing Essay

Is outsourcing work to other countries a good thing or a bad thing - Essay Example This essay discusses that in an increasingly globalized world, the physical boundaries for international and even domestic firms are vanishing fast. The interconnected nature of the world has made it possible for the firms to continuously look for better ways of conducting their business. Outsourcing is also considered one such step towards achieving efficiency and reducing costs. Outsourcing is not a recent phenomenon as firms at international and national level often engaged themselves in such activities since long. Some of the reasons for outsourcing include reducing the overall cost of business as well as regaining or developing the competitive advantage by outsourcing those activities which do not fall under the core competencies of the firms. International firms also take advantage of this as they can achieve the economies of scale at relatively rapid rate as well as get the benefit of cost advantage over their competitors. It is however, important to understand that due to out sourcing of the jobs and functions, resources from one country move to another country. It has been politically debated that due to outsourcing, jobs have been relocated to other countries and as such domestic jobs are being relocated to other countries. There is a widespread debate that as a result of outsourcing the overall number of jobs available is reducing as well as they also create skill shortages. The relocation to new jobs therefore not only results into getting low paid jobs but also significantly reduce the overall quality of life of the workers. One of the key reasons as to why I have chosen this topic is the overall magnitude and volume of outsourcing work to other countries. US is probably the largest country which has outsourced many activities to countries which can offer American firms a distinctive competitive advantage. Above all, this topic can also affect the way future dynamics for the employment will shape and might help in determining my own future once I st ep into the practical field. This paper will therefore discuss whether outsourcing work to other countries is a good or bad thing. Competitive Nature of the Business Before discussing different arguments and issues, it is important to discuss and outline the theoretical background of the phenomenon of outsourcing. It is argued that the business in current times is changing very fast and the overall dynamics of doing business have rapidly changed. The way firms compete with each other therefore requires that the management of the firm becomes more pro-active in approach and design and develop strategies which can offer it a consistent and sustainable competitive advantage. There can be different reasons for such increase in capital however, globalization and the resulting opening of the markets for international firms has become one of the key reasons as to why the international and domestic firms have increasingly open to new ideas and strategies. Globalization has also allowed the firms to move beyond their traditional physical boundaries and access the markets which are either more profitable or cost effective. (Schniederjans, Schniederjans, & Schniederjans, 2005). Such nature of markets therefore has made them more competitive. Outsourcing It is important to understand that in order to decide whether a firm should outsource or not should consider its overall goals and objectives of the firm. A critical evolution of the firm’s overall objectives and goals therefore require that the firm must decide in its best interest before going for outsourcing. It is also critical that a firm must get a clear and well-defined insight about its core and non-core competencies because outsourcing of non-core activities of the firm is more dominating. It is important therefore that in order to successfully outsource, the correct identification of the core competencies of the firm is essential and failure to do so may result into spending of firm’s resources on things which can significantly impact the firm. Outsourcing is defined as â€Å"

Applied Linguistics and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Applied Linguistics and Communication - Essay Example A different language is a different vision of life. Learning languages helps one to grow spiritually, allows him to understand other’s thoughts and helps him to promote peace. Thus, he develops an antagonistic felling against social and moral evils like racism, terrorism and discrimination. With the emergence of globalisation, importance of learning and understanding other languages has increased significantly. It provides a comparative analysis, through which one can compare the variations in different cultures, broadens vision and helps to understand the true motive of life. It also prevents misunderstandings which are evident because of linguistic barriers. Newer languages are a treat for the human mind because it increases the tendency to communicate and socialise. People who learn foreign languages demonstrate greater cognitive development in particular areas such as mental flexibility, creativity, and higher order thinking. Each region has a multiple, self- defined set o f languages which not only reflects the prevalent culture but also represents the traditions and in some places, the norms. By not understanding the language of a particular region, one is deprived of the knowledge and culture of that region which makes him intolerant and bias towards that region. In order to comprehend the mental approach of different people, it is essential to learn their language.

Constructivist theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constructivist theories - Essay Example His main focus has been on the cognitive organization of the knowledge which includes the effect of physical or mental perceptions on individual’s actions. Piagetian theory discusses both the behavioral and cognitive factors that are involved in the child’s development. It states that â€Å"reality is constructed by each individual† (Mohrhoff, 2008, p.17). Ernst von Glasersfeld gave an extension to the constructivism of Jean Piaget and developed the radical constructivism (RC). It focuses on that perception comes through a cognitive self-referential process and is stored in some particular sensory areas in the brain. These perceptions link the experiences with the outside world. The thinking process activates by the experiences that a person goes through, resulting in the formation of knowledge. Thus, events are perceived according to the individual’s interpretation of those events. Hence, RC basically emphasizes upon the fact that â€Å"knowledge is cons tructed from experiences† (Yolles, 2006, p.82-83) rather than by way of senses. Hence, we see that both the theories emphasize upon the fact that â€Å"knowledge is not bestowed upon a passive observer but is constructed by the individual† (Stricker, 1982). This cognitive aspect or the knowledge derived from it is adaptive and makes the individual organize his experiential world (Mohrhoff, 2008, p.18).

Model Predictive Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Model Predictive Control - Essay Example By having access to data for several previous occurrences, it is more likely that a person familiar with the process can discern important patterns and identify the underlying cause(s) for the abnormal condition. Suppose that it is desired to analyze an abnormal condition, which is represented by multivariate time-series data for key process variables (e.g., measurements of controlled and manipulated variables for several interacting control loops). The objective is to locate similar, previous episodes (if they exist) in a large historical database, using an unsupervised learning technique. The proposed method does not require a process model, training data, or planned experiments. Instead, the analysis is based on historical operating data, which may be compressed Chemical manufacturing processes present many challenging control problems, including: nonlinear dynamic behaviour; multivariable interactions between manipulated and controlled variables; unmeasured state variables; unmeasured and frequent disturbances; high-order and distributed processes; uncertain and time-varying parameters; unmodelled dynamics; constraints on manipulated and state variables; and (variable) dead time on inputs and measurements. Further, reliable measurements of important variables to be controlled, such as quality related variables, are often difficult to obtain on-line. A number of control approaches and algorithms that are able to handle some of the above process characteristics have been presented in the academic literature in resent years. Bequette (1991) gives a review of various approaches, such as: internal model approaches; differential geometric approaches; reference system synthesis techniques, including internal decoupling and generic model control; model predictive control approaches; and also various special and ad hoc approaches. Many of these Automatic Control approaches are not able to handle the various process characteristics and requirements met in industrial applications, and some of the approaches can only be applied for special classes of models. Nonlinear Model Nonlinear model predictive control appears to be the only general approaches which can handle most of the common process characteristics and industrial requirements in a satisfactory way. It also seems to be the approaches, which are most suitable for the development of general and application independent software, which is essential for the development of cost-effective applications. For the above reasons this survey will focus on nonlinear model predictive control approaches presented in the open literature. Algorithms for nonlinear model predictive control are often extensions of linear model predictive control algorithms. For continuity the main characteristic features of linear model predictive control are briefly discussed. A nonlinear model is used for predicting the effects of past inputs. Future input moves, however, are calculated from a linear model, by solving av. quadratic program at each sampling time. The computational burden is then comparable to the ordinary QDMC algorithm. In the case of a nonlinear state-space model, the linear model is obtained by linearizing the nonlinear model around the current state estimate. In the case of an input-output model the nonlinear model is also linearized, and a minimal state-space realization of the linear

SPSS Software Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SPSS Software - Case Study Example Observations within months are however sufficient to offer reliable information on individuals’ perceptions and this means dependability of the collected data. Similarly, a majority of the respondents, 80 percent, were current students in the institution and this supports dependability on the developed information due to internal reliability. In addition, respondents were representative of all the learning levels in the institution, though a majority, 66 percent were either undergraduate or graduate students. The representativeness also establishes dependability. Referrals by either friends or relatives, and the institution’s reputation are the major factors to the respondents’ choice for the university and therefore identify the need to meet students’ expectations in order promote referrals and corporate image. Efforts for understanding stakeholders’ needs, especially students, will therefore ensure sustainability and improvement and should be the focus of the institution’s marketing interest. None of the respondents preferred the institution as a last option but very few (only eight percent) identified the institution as their dream university and this identifies need for improvements in the institution. In addition, a significant proportion (44 percent) of the respondents reported intentions to further their education a are therefore a potential market to target through meeting their needs and informing them of opportunities in the university. Respondents’ relationship with the university is therefore average and needs improvements. The respondents appear satisfied with teachers’ qualifications, though twp percent are not satisfied while 48 percent are satisfied but reservations. The small percentage of unsatisfied respondents could be due to other factors such as personal weaknesses and attitude but measures are necessary for improving

The Journey of Man Essay Example for Free

The Journey of Man Essay It has long been debated both in religion and in science about the origin of man. One cites that man was created out from the flesh of some higher Being while the other has many theories regarding such issues. But whatever the most possible theory might be, there is no denying that over time, scientists have established a profound link between the genetic composition of man and how he has evolved over time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In his latest book, Spencer Wells tries to trace our evolution up to our very first ancestor. This book tried to answer some long-standing anthropological questions regarding the origin of humans and we were able to migrate. To answer and trace this, he relied heavily on science, specifically the modern techniques and developments in DNA research for support. He basically reiterated that the Y chromosome (that of the male) is the unaffected marker of the human heritage (Wells, 2004). From that basis, he worked backward through time and concluded that the earliest man can be found in Africa who lived between 31,000 to 79,000 years ago which he then called the â€Å"Eurasian Adam†. As time goes by, a subsequent population would grow and become isolated from its fellows who then gain new genetic markers that subsequently created a new (genetic) map in time and space. He also said that the first modern humans â€Å"left Africa only 2,000 generations ago† (Wells, 2004) who speedily crossed out to Asia, Europe and America. Utilizing the same indicators, he was quick to debunk the notion that the Neanderthals are our ancestors. Moreover, in this book, he was able to find unusual links between faraway peoples (which were not specifically named in the book) and was able to give evidences that all Native Americans can be marked out from a group of at least a dozen people. Throughout the book, he was able to elaborate his terminologies and methods which made the human tree seem easy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book thus has compelling arguments with regard to the origin of man. Wells explicitly argued (and as can be seen from the title itself) that the origin of the human race is that of man; but he did not trace any blood samples of that of a woman. In lieu with this, a question may arise as to where was the origin of women per se come from. In regard to this argument, Wells did not give any hard evidences. Although his primary goal was to find the original male, the real revolution that he was able to illustrate is racial in nature. Racial in a sense that he was able to find links (no matter how odd it may seem) regarding the origins of certain populations today. But, as he elaborates further in the book, he stresses that what makes us distinguished form each other are purely cultural and not solely based on our biology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the author utilized a new kind of archeology in his research. And this archeology does not dig into remnants or fossils but into human cells and genes. Accompanied by his revolutionary techniques, the author was able to give revolutionary details and insights as to where we came from and how we were able to migrate, our origin and more importantly, our races. With the numerous advancements that science and technology were able to develop, it is quite commendable in the author’s part to attack his research in a refreshing and more scientific approach. He is praiseworthy because he was able to apply his expertise and at the same time, use new methods that proved to be very successful and reliable. Instead of going through the conventional way of finding the origin of man, he was quick to turn to genetics to answer his queries. And thus, he was able to come up with new theories and some new arguments. It also helps that his arguments is backed up by his data by his own researches. Through this, he was able to refute ideas of some anthropologists who claimed that varying human races were subspecies that had its origin from different regions at different times. This further hardened by diagrams and maps that the author provided.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maybe one of the more underrated topics included in the book was how our languages was spread. The author also gives us an idea how language was able to spread and evolve. Much like migration and mutation, language evolved from the addition of new genes throughout time. Analogous to the trail of how the Y chromosome has lead its way out of Africa, Wells says that language encountered that same route but as we develop a new culture, our respective languages are dying at a very fast rate. This means that the original language that we new are added with new meanings and it is slowly using its original sense; but this kind of evolution is not something to fret about for it only signifies that change (good change for that matter) is constant.   As new gene line-ups are added to every race and culture, so as the evolution of language is inevitable. Therefore, culture then is still a major factor to the growth of the race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many new and refreshing take that one can find in this book. The author clearly gives us a new perspective and arguments regarding our origin. But, unlike many other theories where more questions arise, this book tries to answer its own (and other queries as well) questions. The author had the Y chromosome as his basis for tracking down our ancestors and he employed the latest in genetic mapping which proved to be very successful and reliable. It is also of good importance to note that not only does the author focused on the Y chromosome per se but also on how it migrated and its direction; which implies the migration pattern of the first humans and their journey to the outside world. Moreover, the author also added how language came about its development and evolution throughout time. Lastly, as from the book itself, races were formed from the influx/addition of new line of genes and the environment as they travel through different lands. As humans move from one place to another, they met other people that mostly added to their culture. And perhaps the most startling statement from the author is his argument that races does not exclusively came form genes but importantly, environment and culture were additional factors that contributed to the growth and development of races that we know today. References: Wells, S. (2004). The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey: Random House Trade Paperbacks.

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process

Role of Pectic Enzymes in Fruit Ripening Process ABSTRACT Fruits are important natural sources of human nutrition for regulation of several metabolic functions and maintenance of good health. They are one of the significant commercial food commodities and their economic value depends on several limiting factors. They easily undergo ripening in a shorter period of time and have a limited post-harvest existence. Fruit ripening is a common phenomenon occurring in fruits based on which they are harvested, consumed directly or processed for various purposes. It is an intricate phenomenon involving extremely synchronized, genetically encoded and an irreversible process that results in a sequence of biochemical, physical and organoleptic alterations in a fruit. This finally develops into soft, palatable and a ripe fruit which possess necessary quality characteristics. On the other hand, excessive ripening results in spoilage of fruits. Ripening is related to the modifications of cell wall polysaccharides like starch, cellulose, hemicellulose and p ectins. Despite of several changes occurring in fruits such as loss of turgor, starch degradation and loss of contents during ripening, enzyme-catalysed variations to cell wall composition and structure are considered as main reason for softening of fruits. Pectic enzymes are a group of enzymes responsible for pectin degradation in fruits. They are termed as pectinase that includes pectic lyase, polygalacturonase, pectic methyl esterase and rhamnogalacturonase. Pectic enzymes degrade pectin resulting in softening and senescence in fruits. Pectins are the important polysaccharides occurring in middle lamella and primary cell wall. It contributes to the texture, consistency and quality of fruits. Degradation of pectin during ripening process was known to cause fruit tissue softening. Recent developments in molecular biology have helped in better understanding of fruit ripening mechanism due to enzymic activity. A review about the role of pectic enzymes on the plant cell walls to bring about softening during ripening process is discussed. Keywords: Fruits, cell wall polysaccharides, pectin, pectic enzymes, ripening INTRODUCTION Fruits are important sources of human nutrition and it is a commercially essential food commodity. Fruits are greatly specialized structures developed from a matured and pollinated ovary which have aesthetic characteristics with delicate aroma, striking colours, flavour, taste and juiciness from the edible seed vessels or receptacles (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) have indicated that fruits possess a wide variety of nutritional substances like vitamins (B-complex, C and K), phenolics and carotene providing higher energy value. They are classified as temperate, tropical and sub-tropical fruits based on their distribution in nature (Prasanna et al., 2007). When completely matured, harvesting of fruits is done. Maturity and ripening of fruits depends on their catalytic mechanism and based on the respiration pattern and biosynthesis of ethylene during ripening, harvested fruits are grouped as climacteric (capable of ripening after detachment from parent plant) and non-c limacteric (unable to continue ripening when detached from parent plant) type (Prasanna et al., 2007). Fruit ripening is an intricate irreversible phenomenon which is highly synchronized and genetically encoded causing biochemical, physiological and organoleptic alterations resulting in a ripened edible fruit (Prasanna et al., 2007). Several factors involved in ripening of fruits are shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Factors involved in fruit ripening (Koning, 1994) Plant cell walls are complex structures which contain polysaccharides, proteins and enzymes. Pectin which contributes about one-third of the plant cell wall in dicots plays a crucial role in tissue development, adherence of cells, apoplastic porosity and so on (Almeida and Huber, 2007). Pectin is in control of maintenance of integrity of cell wall. It forms a cross-link between cellulose microfibrils and xyloglucans as shown in Figure 2. During ripening, pectin is greatly modified by the enzyme actions resulting in relaxing of cellular interconnections. This leads to loosening and hydrolysis of cell wall polymers which is the main reason for softening of fruit tissues (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Figure 1: Plant cell wall structure (Sticklen, 2008) Texture, an important quality attribute in fruits is altered leading to softening of fruits during ripening (Barret and Gonzalez, 1994). The mechanisms involved in fruit ripening were not understood clearly. It may be due to several factors like turgor loss, starch deprivation, loss of nutritional contents and so on (Ali et al., 2004). The major changes in texture causing softness where due to enzyme-catalysed changes in the cell wall assembly and composition, cell wall polysaccharides (pectin and cellulose) solubilization partially or completely (Waldron and Faulds, 2007). It has been studied by Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) that, Pectic constituents is an important determinant of the firmness and consistency of the fruits (Van Buren, 1991). Pectinesterase (PE), polygalacturonase (PG) and Pectateliase (PL) are major pectic enzymes responsible for softening of fruit tissues during ripening (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) have also indicated that, combine d action of these enzymes add to the final texture of fruit and when these enzymes undergo excessive reactions with pectin, it results in notorious softening and provides perfect conditions for microbial attack. Gwanpua et al., (2014) studied that softening is one of the significant changes occurring in climacteric fruit ripening. They were more prone to microbial infections and physical damages and may adverse during prolonged storage. Fruit firmness determines its economic value and considerable effects were taken to control softness of fruits due to enzymic action, metabolic changes and changes in storage conditions (Gwanpua et al., 2014). Softening associated with the ripening mediated by the pectic enzyme action on plant cell walls of different fruits is discussed in this study. 2. Pectic enzymes Pectinases are commonly referred to as pectic enzymes. They act upon pectin constituents of cell wall matrix resulting in softening of fruits. Polygalacturonase (PG), Pectin methyl esterase (PME), Pectin lyase (PL) are some of the major pectic enzymes classified based on their type of action involved in degradation of pectins. The modes of action of these enzymes are as shown in figure 2. Figure 3: Mode of action of pectolytic enzymes (Van Rensburg and Pretorius, 2000). PME causes de-esterification by catalysing the pectin methyl group hydrolysis (Prasanna et al., 2007). They were known to usually attack on the methyl ester linkages of a galacturonate entity which lies next to non-esterified galacturonate component. This process acts as a precondition for polygalacturonase activity (Prasanna et al., 2007). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) implicated that pectin methyl esterases (PME) were found to alter pectin in case of low methoxy pectin and in polygalacturonic acid by hydrolysis of methyl ester bonds in esterified carboxyls. It was observed that the softening process could be controlled by the control of this enzyme action in fruits like pear, grape, citrus, tomato, strawberry, arracacha, potato, papaya, kiwi and guava (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011; Prasanna et al., 2007). PG, referred as Pectolytic glycanase is an essential hydrolytic enzyme playing an important role in pectin termination (Prasanna et al., 2007). They act on pectic acids and ÃŽ ±-1, 4- glycosidic bonds are hydrolysed between the residues of galacturonic acid in galacturonans. They are categorized as endo-PG and exo-PG (Prasanna et al., 2007). Prasanna et al., (2007) studied that Endo-PG act randomly in pectin de-polymerization and exo-PG releases galacturonic acid by catalysing the glycosidic bonds hydrolysis from the non-reducing end of the pectic substances. It is recognized that middle lamella dissolution in the course of fruit ripening were done by PG. PL undergoes mechanism of ÃŽ ²-elimination of the glycosidic bonds (Prasanna et al., 2007). They also indicated that PL acts an endo-enzyme which acts randomly during cleavage of esterified galacturonate units. PL was known to act at methyl-ester bonds leading to beta-elimination of glycosidic bonds by formation of double bonds in galacturonic acids (Rodriguez and Restrepo, 2011). Rodriguez and Restrepo (2011) specified that pectin lyase (PL) enzyme were responsible for cell wall degradation resulting in softening of banana and strawberries. The changes in pectin due to these enzymes action were as shown in Figure 4. Figure 4: Action of Pectolytic enzymes on pectin (Prasanna et al., 2007) 2.1. Role of pectic enzymes in softening during ripening in different fruit varieties Pectic enzymes play an important role in ripening of fruit by degradation of pectic substances found in fruits. Several researches were conducted in different fruit varieties and in their respective juices to understand the role of pectic enzymes in softening of fruit tissues and their intended use in preparation of fruit juices to enhance mashing of fruits, for clarification of fruit juices and also to increase the release of flavours from fruits (Whitaker, 1984). Invitro-studies of some selected fruits and their pectic enzymic activity is discussed. Besford and Hobson (1972) studied the pectic enzyme activity in tomato fruit and concluded that action of PG/ PME or transelimination by pectic transeliminase were not responsible for tomato ripening. Almedia and Huber (2008) have indicated that softening of tomato fruit during ripening were not associated with the PG activity eventhough they remained active in ripened fruit. Enzymic activities of other fruits are studied comparing with tomato as model fruit (Ali et al., 2004). Pires and Finardi-Filho (2005) have extracted PE and PG from Peruvian carrots to understand the pectic enzyme activities in carrot and found that pectinases along with amylases would act together to bring about spoilage in tubers. Owino et al., (2004) have studied about the alterations in fig fruits during ripening due to changes in cell-wall polysaccharides. They have concluded that qualitative differences in both receptacle and drupelets were observed in pectic polymers compared to the hemi-cellulosic substances. This indicates that ripening of fig is associated with modifications in pectin. Several studies were done to understand ripening of strawberries genetically as it softens rapidly (Pombo et al., 2009; Bustamante et al., 2006). It was observed that cell wall degradation were due to pectin dissoloution by pectic enzyme activities in strawberries which enters ripening phase quicker overlapping with the senescence. Manrique and Lajolo (2004) discussed about the cell-wall modifications in papaya fruit during postharvest ripening. They found that several enzymic actions are involved in papaya fruit during the entire period. There were notable changes in pectic polymers during papaya ripening which were mainly due to PG activity and probably due to PME as there were charge density modifications in polymers (Manrique and Lajolo, 2004). Avocado fruit undergoes pectin depolymerisation in contrast to other fruits and it was observed that it was the only fruit in which huge amounts of pectin were readily solubilizing under milder conditions (Pesis et al., 1978; Huber at al., 2001). In case of apples, exo-PG, PME and PL activity were observed to cause changes in cell wall polysaccharides (Goulao et al., 2007; Oritz et al., 2011). Studies related to cell wall modification during ripening of apples reveals that exo-PG, PME and PL activity influences softening of apples (Goulao et al., 2007). Studies by Gw anpua et al., (2014) in jonagold apples have shown that increment of PG activity occurred late during ripening and PME activity did not influence the ripening process. Cheng et al., (2011) observed that banana fruit which enters softening during ripening were associated with pectic hydrolytic activity and it was mainly due to the combined effects of PG and PME activity. Abu-Goukh and Bashir (2003) have observed that softening of guava fruit and mango were mainly due to PG and cellulose activity during ripening which resulted in drop in firmness of the fruits. Similarly in case of peaches, softening is due to depolymerisation of pectin by endo-PG activity resulting in solubilization of cell-wall polymers (Yoshioka et al., 2011). 3. CONCLUSION Pectin polymers form a gel-like matrix which provides cell-wall integrity contributing to the firmness of fruits. It stabilizes the texture and colour of the fruit based on which freshness of fruits is determined. Commercial value of fruits is based on these quality attributes. Several researches conducted on different types of fruits indicate that pectic enzymes have an important role in softening of fruit tissues during ripening. They were known to cause pectin solubilization in cell-wall matrices by different modes of action like lysis, de-esterification and glycanase activity. Research studies conducted on selected types of fruits under in-vitro conditions indicated that Polygalacturonase activity is predominant in almost all-types of fruits compare to pectin methyl-esterase and Pectic-lyase activities. Pectic enzymes were not the only factor for softening of fruits during ripening as it is influenced by several other factors like changes in pH, temperature, harvesting period, st orage conditions, physical damage, microbial attack, presence of sugars, other hydrolytic, kinetic and amylase enzymes and so on. Better understanding of mechanism of pectic enzymes on primary cell-walls of fruits would enhance the control of softening and ripening process. This in turn, will improve the quality of fruits extending its shelf-life. Recent advancements favoured the isolation of pectic enzymes commercially which is used intentionally for accelerating the maturation of fruits, added in production of fruit juices to easily crush the fruits, to solubilize the complex cell-wall matrices, to release all nutrients, to control haze formation in juices, to enhance flavour and colour characteristics of fruit juices, and so on. Recent developments in molecular biology have paved a way for genetically understanding the pectic enzyme action on primary cell-walls in fruits. Henceforth, pectic enzymes play a determining role in softening associated with ripening of fruits.

Arguments for and Against Capital Punishment

Arguments for and Against Capital Punishment Jump to: Arguments in favor of Capital Punishment  | Arguments  Against Capital Punishment Introduction Capital punishment is a legal process in which a person is put to death by the country or state law as a punishment for a crime. It is also known as death sentence or death penalty. Capital punishment sends the message that such criminal acts will not be tolerated in the society. It works on the simple theory that people desist from doing a particular action when they know that they will have to pay a high price for the same. There is no doubt that death penalty is one of the most debatable issue in our society. In support of death penalty people argue that it discourage others from resorting to similar crimes, those who oppose it are of the opinion that it is not as effective it is promoted to be. Many countries still keep the capital punishment in their penal laws. This is a practice that has been there since time immemorial as a sign of the Law of Moses, which integrated a retributive approach that was characterized as an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.  [1]   There are 7 types of capital punishments known to world. These are:  [2]   Death by Hanging Execution by Firing Squad Lethal Injection Gas Chamber Executions Death by Stoning Death by Beheading Electrocution. Capital Punishment in Bangladesh The capital punishment is one of talkative issue in present day Bangladesh. In the international environment death penalty is actively implemented and well protected. In some cases, it is also a debatable matter in the domestic area. According to Amnesty International report, Bangladesh is a retentionist country.  [3]  That means Bangladesh is the promoter or supporter of capital punishment. There is a lot of evidence which support the statement of Amnesty International report. The practical natures of the explanations or evidences support the elimination of the death penalty in Bangladesh. Crimes punishable by death in Bangladesh There is a wide range of crimes are currently subject to the capital punishment in Bangladesh. According to the Penal Code 1860, here is a set of crimes which are subject to the death penalty in Bangladesh: Section 121: Waging war against Bangladesh 132: Abetting mutiny 194: Giving false evidence upon which an innocent person suffers death 302: Murder 305: Assisting the suicide of a child or insane person 307: Attempted murder by life-convicts 396: Kidnapping of a child under the age of ten (with intent to murder, grievously hurt, rap or enslave the child) and Armed robbery resulting in murder. According to the Special Powers Act 1974: Section 15: Sabotage 25: Hhoarding of goods or dealing on the black market, counterfeiting, smuggling, and poisoning or contamination of consumables or attempt of any of these offences. In addition, there is an act, Women and Children Repression Prevention Act-2000, to prevent violence against women and children. Under this act the capital punishment is available for: murder or attempted murder involving burning, use of acid, trafficking of women and children for illegal or immoral acts, sexual assault of women or children occasioning death etc. Criminals Excluded From the Capital Punishment The persons who are below 18 years old at the time of committing crime will be excluded from the capital punishment.  [4]  In 2009, the U.N. Committee on the Rights reiterated this alarm and suggested that Bangladesh explain its clarity of the child to include all people under the age of 18. U.N. papers point out that Bangladeshs situation is that it does not implement persons for crimes committed while under the age of 18, that capital punishment for such individuals are infrequently-if at all-meted out by courts and that Bangladesh is allowing for altering the 1974 Children Act to assure a clear legal exclusion.  [5]  Women are not applicable for death penalty during pregnancy period. Women with new born children also will not punishable by death sentence.  [6]  The people who are mentally sick are excluded from death penalty. During committing the criminal act if the person is in unsoundness of mind or is incapable of knowing the nature of the act will not be punished by capital punishment.  [7]   Courts and the Judiciary of Bangladesh Bangladesh operates under a judicial system. It was mainly come from the British common law tradition. The Supreme Court is the highest appeals court in Bangladesh. It is divided into the Appellate Division and the High Court. The High Court hears appeals from subordinate courts. Under the writ jurisdiction, the High Court issues orders to enforce fundamental rights and grant other available summons. From the High Court division, the Appellate Division hears appeals. An important function of the Appellate Division is supervising the subordinate courts and tribunals.  [8]   Legal basis of Capital Punishment in Bangladesh Capital punishment is subject to prior approval of the honable high court division of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. All capital punishments in Bangladesh are carried out by hanging according to the Bangladesh government law.  [9]  Like other nations in the region, Bangladesh does not have a jury system: suspected criminals are tried and sentenced by a judge.  [10]  Those sentenced to death have an automatic appeal hearing before the High Court. If that appeal fails, the person also has the option to lodge additional appeals with the High Court and, if those fail, with the Supreme Court. Should all these avenues of appeal fail, the condemned persons final chance is to appeal to the President for clemency.  [11]  The Jail Code also affords an avenue for appeal, whereby prisoners can appeal to the jail authorities within seven days of being brought to jail this appears to apply to those prisoners extradited from overseas. Additional to these safeguards, is the requirement that the High Court approve all death sentences pronounced by a lower court before they can be put into effect. A hea ring is held in which all documents relating to the case, including the lower courts judgment, are compiled.  [12]   Clemency process The Code of Criminal Procedure specifies that executions require not be permitted by the executive.  [13]  The main executive obstacle to execution of a capital punishment is the privilege of mercy, approved by the Constitution and defined under the Code of Criminal Procedure and Penal Code. Damned persons petition the President for clemency. In addition, the government which may mean the legislature or some other executive official-may alter capital punishment.  [14]   Available statistics on Capital Punishment in Bangladesh The information or statistics about capital punishment are not publicly reported in Bangladesh. It only comes in publicly, when it is about a sensational or political matter. For example, the February 2010 hanging of 5 persons accused and tried for the murder of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was widely reported; the same holds true of the 2007 hanging of members of the JMB who were accused in the 2005 bomb attacks on two judges at Jhalakathi.  [15]  There is No official information are available regarding the number of death penalty handed down, or the number of capital punishments carried out. According to the International Federation for Human Rights (2010), there are about 75,000 prisoners all over Bangladesh and 40-45 percent of them are convicted prisoners. In one district jail outside Dhaka, out of the 2,300-2,400 estimated total prison inmates, 90 prisoners are on death row.  [16]   The following table includes the number of capital punishments reported in Amnesty Internationals annual reports for the past five years, as well as the numbers reported by Hands Off Cain. Number of Executions, Bangladesh, 2005-2010:  [17]   Capital Punishment and the attitude of Bangladesh Government Bangladesh is a country where there is actually no right to life. Exercising the capital punishment violates the common human rights. In 2010, five people were given the death penalty within a day. On January 28 of the same year, the Supreme Court of Bangladesh made the decision to execute death penalty of the killers of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.  [18]   On the contrary, on 7th September 2010 Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh, pardoned 20 prisoners death row. Those people were sentenced to death in 2006 by a Speedy Trial Tribunal (2002) for the murder of a then-ruling Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) activist Sabbir Ahmed Gama.  [19]  In the history of Bangladesh it was the first where President gave pardon a huge number of death prisoners at a time. The important thing is that the benefited prisoners are supporters of the present governing party (Awami League). Amnesty International welcomed the pardon of President Zillur Rahman in their international report. At the same time it also argued that it is not ethical to favor only supporters of the governing party.  [20]   Though the death sentence is a permanent punishment, the legislative authorities should ensure that criminals are not released by the politically motivated grounds. Problems of Bangladeshs criminal justice system Lack of fairness and transparency. Political interference and arbitrary police control over the complaint mechanisms. Criminal justice system is politicalized, inefficient, and unprofessional. As far the administration of justice, the judiciary system does not enjoy independence. Lack of judicial competence and commitment to upholding the rule of law. The countrys medico-legal system still is not acceptable by international standards. Lack of interpersonal respect between lawyers, judges, political parties, medico-legal experts seriously hampers effectiveness of the administration of justice. Is the Capital Punishment an Effective Crime Deterrent? Capital punishment is based on the principle that the peril of death makes probable criminals think twice before doing to some serious crimes such as murder, rape and makes them totally give up on such criminal act. The effectiveness of death sentence to prevent criminal from doing serious crimes is questionable, whether it really discourages people to do crimes. A study in America discloses that 88 percent of American criminologists believed that capital punishment was not effective crime prevention. In this study about 87 percent of the respondents thought that capital punishment would have no major impact on crime rates in the country as such.  [21]   On the other hand, many criminologists think that death penalty in itself is one of the several factors which makes a person indulge in crime. The example of Canada wherein the murder rate decreased after elimination of capital punishment in 1976.  [22]  One important thing is that the criminal who is planning to do any crime, he or she will never get affected by the threat of being caught and convicted. In addition, the time gap between the sentencing of convict and his actual execution is quite lengthy. As time elapse the preclusion effect of sentencing a person to death starts decreasing. Now the people who support the death penalty may argue that to speed up legal process and execute the death sentence early. But then, speedy trials would again mean more chances of an innocent person being sent to the gallows, and that is something which we cant afford to do. There are some studies which support the death sentence as crime prevention. A study showed that eighteen lives are saved for every criminal death penalty.  [23]  The legislative authorities of Bangladesh argue that the capital punishment is essential for control the serious crimes like murder. They also think that capital punishment will transmit the message of ultimate results of murder to the potential criminal. This so-called prevention of criminal act is shown to not be working effectively, as incidents of serious crimes rise each year. For example, according to the Bangladesh Police website, there were 3592 murders during 2005 and 4219 murders in 2009.  [24]   Arguments in favor of Capital Punishment There are two types of criminals in our society ones who commit crimes under unavoidable circumstances and other ones who commit crimes intentionally. The people who commit crimes intentionally, they do not feel any kind of guilt for their actions and they do not hesitate to do same again. So, it is important to implement capital punishment for making such criminals to realize that they are not the decider of life and death. Here is some supports behind the capital punishment: Fear of Death: All people have the fear of death, even though death is inevitable. Implementing death penalty for serious crimes like murders or rapes will absolutely make the criminal think twice before doing any brutal crimes. There are some killers who are commit killing only for fulfill their hobby. Capital punishment will send the message to the criminal that, he or she is preparing own grave by killing someone else. No Escape: No one can getaway from the death, but any one can escape from imprisonment. There are so many evidences of jail escaping illegally by managing political leader or prison inspector. After escaping the criminal commit crimes again and making the innocent suffers. So this is unethical to let innocent people die and criminal live. Justice not Killing: Sometimes the people who do not support capital punishment, they think death penalty is all about revenge in the name of law or justice. However it is very important for our society to teach criminals about the importance of life. Saving the Innocent: To save innocent people there is no other alternative way without death penalty to the serious criminals. If we allow criminals in the imprisonment, then suffer for the innocent people will be huge. Law Should Provide Justice: Capital punishment issued by law is fair and justified for the society. The innocent victims do not get any chance do crime, then why should we give the chance to the criminal with imprisonment. Arguments against Capital Punishment Some people think that reason of the death penalty is to send a right message to the society. Such harsh punishment means that no serious crime will be tolerated and the responsible must be punished for his or her act. Denial of basic right: Death penalty violates human right the right to life. Human being life has a essential value. The holiness of human life is denied by the capital punishment. Life is priceless. The possibility of error: Capital punishment is decided by the collected evidences against the individual. Sometimes those collected information and investigation might be wrong or manipulated. So in case of imprisonment, after finding error in judgment individual may be released and compensated for the injustice. However, in case of capital punishment judge can do nothing without feeling guilty for taking innocent life. Lack of Deterrence: The goal of capital punishment is to deter serious criminal activities from the society. However, according to the available information, the capital punishment has not been effective in controlling the murder rate. For example, according to the Bangladesh Police website, there were 3592 murders during 2005 and 4219 murders in 2009.  [25]   Racist Factor: Death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment for human being. Most of the people in all over the world think that death penalty is a way of minimizing the number of minorities in a particular country. Killing is Expensive: Keeping one person in the prison for entire life is less expensive compare to give death penalty. Long and complex process of death penalty cases is the biggest drawbacks of capital punishment. Justifying circumstances: There is possibility for individuals to suffer from emotional trauma, violence, destructive social environment to commit such terrible crimes. So it is unethical to blame only them for their activities. Recommendation Observe existing law with a view towards diminishing the scope of crimes that attract the death sentence to only those with deadly consequences. All mandatory death sentences should be revoked as unconstitutionally controlling the judgment and freedom of the judiciary, as required under international standards. Other convicts may under no situation be entrusted to carry out a capital punishment, a practice that is not in conventionality with the domestic legal structure and constitutes an inhuman and degrading treatment for concerned prisoners. Make public information about the death penalty and executions to permit an informed public debate on the capital punishment. Assign a committee of high level jurists to inform on the purpose and situations of implementation of the capital punishment in the country. Conclusion Death penalty is as basically wrong as a cure for crime as charity is wrong as a cure of poverty. Bangladeshs constitutions Article 35 prohibits torture, cruel, degrading or inhuman punishment or treatment.  [26]  There can hardly be any argue that the capital punishment does not amount to brutal punishment, which is banned in the countrys supreme law. In fact, such brutal punishment comprises a violation of the Constitution by deflation the natural dignity of human beings. The reality concerning the criminal justice system must be understood to assess how hazardous the use of the capital punishment can be in Bangladesh. Essential policies or steps should be taken to reduce the reappearance of crimes that are presently penalized by the death sentence in the place of continuing with this unsuccessful prevention. Bangladesh should obey to national and international statement for human rights. And Bangladesh government should eliminate the death sentence system immediately, if they believe on human rights.

The Future of On-line Journalism Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research

The Future of On-line Journalism Interactivity is what most separates on line news from traditional news. Indexicality (using hypertext links) is an important aspect of on-line journalism because it frees up space and time for the reader. People can explore international news and easily access the latest stories before the papers get to print, all at the click of a mouse. Many studies have been done on how people use web services. One of the major characteristics of such use is searching through different hyperlinks. Hypertext enables people to see things through new dimensions. Online journalists have to be innovative in the way they create news. "Transparent journalism," allowing readers to participate in the writing, is one example of how journalists are adapting to the on line form. "Eye track" (equipment that monitors where people's eyes focus and for how long) studies have also been useful in studying how we use the web. These studies will help news organizations and rest of us in understanding twenty-first century communication. Analysis On-line journalism is a combination of the increasing digitalized technology and the use of the internet. Digitalized technology and the internet are the two leading factors in the evolution of print in terms of Gasher's views of interactivity (Gasher). On-line news sites are the peak at this point in technological evolution and are serving, as well as changing the functions of media because they combine these two factors. On-line journalism can be assessed through its evolution, its basic functions and its benefits. The evolution of print has shown general progression through expanse, detail, interactivity and expressiveness of communication. The first publications print... ... Mediascapes: New Patterns in Canadian Communication. Edited by Paul Attallah and Leslie Regan Shade. Scarborough, ON: Nelson, p. 259-261. The New York Times on the Web. (2002) Available on-line: last consulted: October 8th, 2002. Peter Jennings. (2002) "The Search for Peter Jennings", National Review Online. Available on-line:http://peterjennings.150m.com last consulted: October 8th, 2002. SCHOLL AND WEISCHENBERG, Armin and Siegfried. (1999) "Autonomy in Journalism: How it is Related to Attitudes and Behavior of Media Professionals", Web Journal of Mass Communication Research, September 4, 1999. Available on-line: last consulted October 8th, 2002. The Susan G Komen Breast Cancer Foundation. (2002) "Talk back". Available on-line: last consulted October 8th, 2002.

The Relationship of Torvald and Nora Essay -- A Dolls House Henrik Ibs

The Relationship of Torvald and Nora At the beginning of the play, Nora and Helmer seem to have a happy marriage, although it is quite a childish relationship as Helmer often uses diminutive language and names such as ‘songbird’ or ‘squirrel to talk to Nora. However, by the end of the play Nora seems to have changed. The way Nora speaks changes from being a young girl to being like a woman. Finally, she leaves Torvald. At the start of the play Nora speaks in a very childish manner. You notice this when she says things such as ‘heaps’ and ‘the great blue sky’. This shows that she is mentally naive. She says these things as a child would say them. For example, the lines that she speaks have a lot of exclamation points and as Nora says some things she jumps up and down or claps her hands, this shows the childish way she acts. Torvald speaks to her in very over-romantic language and it seems as though maybe it isn’t real and their love is just part of a game. It is so romantic it seems as though he is trying to convince himself that he loves her. He says things such as ‘squirrel’, ‘lark’ or ‘songbird’. Songbirds are kept in cages so this may have something to do with Nora’s situation as Torvald controls the way she thinks and so she is caged in his world. Torvald also acts very paternally towards Nora and patronises her. Helmer uses the word ‘little’ a lot when he speaks to Nora. He calls her his ‘little Nora’ or ‘little creature’ which shows that their relationship seems to be more paternal than marital. Helmer treats Nora like a daughter. This is really noticeable when he does things like kissing her on the forehead or putting his arm around her. Helmer and Nora play a game and Nora manipulates Hel... ...lived by performing tricks for you, Torvald.’ She also says that Torvald had her as his ‘doll-wife’ and that Torvald played with her as the children played with their dolls. When she announces that she is going to leave him Torvald reacts at first by trying to forbid her from leaving ‘I shall not allow it! I forbid it!’ and since this doesn’t work Helmer tries to use religion as an argument so that she doesn’t leave. Also, he suggests that society will look on her badly, and then he pleads with her not to leave and says that he’ll change for her. However, Nora had her set view even though Helmer tried to use strength, religion and his sweet charm to keep her at home. In the end Nora leaves. She slams the door as she goes which shows a symbolic cut between her former life and the life that she is about to lead. She has finally left her Dolls house.

Scott Pilgrim vs. The World Essay -- Film Review, Boy meets Girl

Scott Pilgrim vs. the World tells the classic story of boy meets girl, boy falls in love with girl but first must overcome problems which the girl brings from her past that interferes with their relationship. Initially defeated, sad boy realizes that this girl is â€Å"the one† and so goes into battle for her once more, and this time he is victorious. Where Scott Pilgrim vs. the World is fresh and unique is in the combination of styles and influences from comic books (Scott Pilgrim originally being a comic before being made as a film) and video games, particularly styles of video games popular during the early era of home video consoles in the 1980s and 1990s for which the intended audience of the movie, whose childhoods largely occurred in that period, would feel a deep nostalgia. Costume design, props, and the stylized gestures and vocal delivery of the actors (pp. 125-130, 139-146) all contribute to creating a feel reminiscent of said â€Å"old-school† video games. D irector Edgar Wright structured the editing of the film so as to create the feel of a continuous stream of action, as though the romance is seen as a never-ending, fast-paced conflict. Sound (pp. 279-280) and visuals (p. 118) are also used in such a way as to create the sense of a universe which is deliberately unrealistic and as direct as possible a translation of the original comic book into film format. Although the film uses a restricted narration (p. 93), with the audience only seeing events as far as Scott can see them, the extensive use of visual and sound cues, as well as the deliberately formulaic plot structure and references to many old video games and classic â€Å"boy-meets-girl† stories, the general structure and plot (pp. 80-82) of which the audience is assumed to b... ... and substitutes the common traits by the use of unique and innovative elements from a different medium. The style and the pop culture references (especially to video games) which the film is full of helps connect with the target audience, and also show the significant of how fantasy, video games and comic, can stylistically distribute a classical convention to the distinct overall formal system (pp. 56-58, 60-61). In other words, this film that incorporates stylistic elements of comic books and video games to tell a story which is already familiar fodder for movie audiences also makes it especially relevant to an audience demographic raised with video games and manga. Perhaps such prophetic in the integration of stylistic elements from different forms of popular entertainment media into film, can be something which audiences in the future may well come to expect.

Communication Needs

We all have a right to communicate and voice our opinions. If an individual's communication needs are not met, this means they are being deprived of their basic human rights. They will be unable to express themselves and communicate how they are feeling, what they want to do, what they need, etc. If individuals are unable to communicate their needs it will have an impact on their well-being, relationships with family, friends and other members of their community. Explain how own role and practice can impact on communication with an individual who has specific communication needs. In my role as a support assistant it is my duty to ensure that I work in a person-centred way to support, encourage and promote individuals to live independently. This includes treating them with respect and dignity. I speak clearly and not use any jargons, etc. I identify their preferred method of communication. It would be bad practice to not meet the individual's communication needs. The individual may not receive the correct support or assistance. They will be unable to share their views or concerns, or have a say in what happens to them or express how they feel or what they need.They may become frustrated, angry and isolated. They may also become depressed, feel undervalued and have a low self-esteem. Analyse features of the environment that may help or hinder communication Features that may hinder communication may include, poor lighting, lack of privacy, distraction, noise from TV/radio, people all talking at the same time, seating arrangements, not facing individual when talking to them, covering mouth, eating or chewing, talking too fast or too sow, poor ventilation, room too hot or cold. Features that may help communication may include, talking slowly, clearly and concisely, eliminating any background noise, turn TV/radio down or off, sitting individual where they can hear or see what is going on, facing the individual when talking to them, using flash cards, pictures, etc. , not covering mouth, eating or chewing, finding a quiet place to talk, making sure room is well ventilated and at a comfortable temperature Analyse reasons why an individual may use a form of communication that is not based on a formal language system The individual ay be from another country. They may not have been taught a formal language system. They may have developed a system that is easy for them to understand.They may have a hearing or sight impairment or have a learning disability or mental health issues. Identify a range of communication methods and aids to support individuals to communicate A range of communication methods and aids that support individuals to communicate include sign language, body language, interpreters, hearing aids, hearing loops, speech aids, minicom, writing, drawing, pictures, objects, symbols, etc. Describe the potential effects on an individual of having unmet communication needs Unmet communication needs means that the individual is being deprived of their basic human rights. They will not be able to voice their concerns or opinions. The individual may develop mental health problems and may become depressed, frustrated, angry and isolated. This will also have an effect on their relationship with family and friends. Explain how and when to access information and support about identifying and addressing specific communication needs. It is important to take action as soon it has been identified that an individual has specific communication needs. You should establish what the needs are. Talk to the individual, their family, friends or others who are may support the individual to find out how to meet identified needs. Information can be sort from relevant support groups, social services or other professionals with experience in a specific area of communication. The individual's GP can also make a referral to a consultant specialising in the relevant field. Identify specialist services relating to communication technology and aids There is a range of communication technology aids available, including devices known as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCA) and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC). VOCA are dedicated to communication and may not have any computer functions. AAC devices are either symbol or text based. There are also communication software that can be added to a computer, mobile phone or PDA to enable a person to type what they want to say and play it back so others can hear what was typed. Describe types of support that an individual may need in order to use communication technology aids The device/equipment should be personalised to meet the individual's need and set up correctly. The individual and others supporting them should receive training on how to use the device. The individual should be supported to ead and understand the instructions and to follow any health and safety advice on how to use the device correctly. Explain the importance of ensuring that communication equipment is correctly set up and working properly It is important to ensure that the equipment is set up correctly and working properly otherwise it would be a waste of time and money as the individual's communication needs would still not be met. There could also be health and safety issues if the equipment is not set up or used correctly.